This affects galvanic corrosion resistance between the grounding wire and mother earth (real ground). My car has a positive ground".

Single-wire earth return (SWER) or single-wire ground return is a single-wire transmission line which supplies single-phase electric power from an electrical grid to remote areas at low cost. You could connect a 12-volt lamp between the vehicle chassis and the earth grounding post, and the lamp would light up. Electric single-phase railway traction, such as light rail, uses a very similar system. • Connecting all grounds in the system in a manner such that all of the objectives are met.

In the simplest systems there may be only a single circuit from battery to ignition coil, through contact points and back to the other post of the battery. The transformers are usually rated at 5 kVA, 10 kVA and 25 kVA. 8 fence wire).

Most other electrical systems use a metallic neutral connected directly to the generator or a shared ground.[3].

[9], If an area is prone to lightning, modern designs place lightning ground straps in the poles when they are constructed, before erection. The electrodes can be situated in the sea or on land. The secondary winding of the local transformer will supply the customer with either single ended single phase (N-0) or split phase (N-0-N) power in the region's standard appliance voltages, with the 0 volt line connected to a safety earth that does not normally carry an operating current.

Local labor can produce them in most areas, further lowering costs. Modern radio, optic fibre channels, and cell phone systems are unaffected. Brisbane, Australia, 15–22 October 1988. Mains’ earth ground and the (theoretically) 0V power rails are all tied together and connected to the chassis at that one point. [9] Steel's greater strength permits spans of 400 metres or more, reducing the number of poles to 2.5 per kilometre. The general use of automobiles came later. SWER avoids lines clashing in wind, a substantial fire-safety feature,[4] but a problem surfaced in the official investigation into the Black Saturday bushfires in Victoria, Australia. Then the "hot" side of the vehicle system becomes 0-volts in relation to earth ground, and the chassis of the vehicle becomes negative 12-volts.

A large SWER line may feed as many as 80 distribution transformers. The real reasons are rather twisted, based in prior historical tradition, so now you get a history lesson. A well-designed SWER line can be substantially upgraded as demand grows without new poles.

Experience in Alaska shows that SWER needs to be grounded below permafrost, which is high-resistance.[6]. Even if there is no earth or chassis connection it is common to refer to one point or voltage in the circuit as “ground”. You could connect a 12-volt lamp between the vehicle chassis and the earth grounding post, and the lamp would light up. For the phone systems the central office ground was a relatively high current single grounding point, fairly easy to control for corrosion resistance. Its distinguishing feature is that the earth (or sometimes a body of water) is used as the return path for the current, to avoid the need for a second wire (or neutral wire) to act as a return path. It consists engine, the transmission system, brake system, suspension system, steering system, cooling system, wheels etc. Modern systems install spiral vibration dampers on the wires. Normally this requires changing the insulators and transformers, but no new poles are needed.[12]. Vehicles with "solid state" (transistorized) electronic gadgets will invariably be negative earth. For my 1958 MGA it is as simple as reversing the battery, and re-polarizing the generator (a 1-second process). This ensures a more efficient use of capital and makes the initial installation more affordable. [3] Though theoretically sound, this is not standard practice. Maintenance costs are roughly 50% of an equivalent line. SWER is a viable choice for a distribution system when conventional return current wiring would cost more than SWER's isolation transformers and small power losses. These were DC battery powered systems (sometimes with a generator to recharge the batteries).

[2] More than 200,000 kilometres have now been installed in Australia and New Zealand.

Cars do not actually have electrical grounds. The first common "solid state" electronic gadget in cars was the transistorized radio, starting in the mid 50's. So, SWER has fewer ground-fault circuit-breaker openings to interrupt service.[3]. For a vehicle with a steel chassis it is convenient to connect the return circuits to the chassis to reduce the amount of wire used.



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