salem witch trials impact american legal system
Major Nathaniel Saltonstall, Esq., resigned from the court on or about June 16, presumably dissatisfied with the letter and that it had not outright barred the admission of spectral evidence. [101][121], In January 2016, the University of Virginia announced its project team had determined the execution site on Gallows Hill in Salem, where nineteen "witches" had been hanged in public. 2, no. "Letter of Increase Mather to John Richards, 26 October 1691. "[53][54] Their collective response came back dated June 15 and composed by Cotton Mather: Hutchinson sums the letter, "The two first and the last sections of this advice took away the force of all the others, and the prosecutions went on with more vigor than before." "Essay IV Against modern Sadducism in the matter of Witches and Apparitions". See especially pages 1-59. 18. The grand juries and trials for this capital crime were conducted by a Court of Oyer and Terminer in 1692 and by a Superior Court of Judicature in 1693, both held in Salem Town, where the hangings also took place. The judges applied an archaic form of punishment called peine forte et dure, in which stones were piled on his chest until he could no longer breathe. Various medical and psychological explanations for the observed symptoms have been explored by researchers, including psychological hysteria in response to Indian attacks, convulsive ergotism caused by eating rye bread made from grain infected by the fungus Claviceps purpurea (a natural substance from which LSD is derived),[125] an epidemic of bird-borne encephalitis lethargica, and sleep paralysis to explain the nocturnal attacks alleged by some of the accusers.
According to a New York Times article, within the last fifteen years alone, more than 2,000 Indians have been killed after being accused of witchcraft. Courts allowed “causal relationship” evidence, for example, to prove that the accused possessed or controlled an afflicted girl. Sarah Good, Elizabeth Howe, Susannah Martin and Sarah Wildes, along with Rebecca Nurse, went to trial at this time, where they were found guilty. Increase Mather brought out a London edition of his son's book in 1690. Their earliest impactful use as the basis for an item of popular fiction is the 1828 novel Rachel Dyer by John Neal.
Essex County Court Archives, vol. The parish disagreed about Salem Village's choice of Samuel Parris as its first ordained minister.
One other man, Giles Corey, was pressed to death for refusing to plead, and at least five people died in jail. John Hale, a minister in Beverly who was present at many of the proceedings, had completed his book, A Modest Enquiry into the Nature of Witchcraft in 1697, which was not published until 1702, after his death, and perhaps in response to Calef's book.
An essay by Increase Mather, a prominent minister, may have helped stop the witch trials craze in Salem. [124], The cause of the symptoms of those who claimed affliction continues to be a subject of interest. When Stoughton wrote the warrants for the execution of these three and others remaining from the previous court, Governor Phips issued pardons, sparing their lives. It is very certain that the Devils have sometimes represented the Shapes of persons not only innocent, but also very virtuous. [27], Though the prior ministers' fates and the level of contention in Salem Village were valid reasons for caution in accepting the position, Rev. Also reprinted in The Portable Renaissance Reader. TDR / The Drama Review, 2018, Vol. 121, p. 108. [123], Most recently, the events of the Salem witch trials were interpreted in the 2018 exploitation-teen comedy film Assassination Nation, which changed the setting to the present United States and added thick social commentary in order to underline the absurdity of the actual events. The others were listed only as "certain other persons", phrasing which failed specifically to name Bridget Bishop, Susannah Martin, Alice Parker, Wilmot Redd and Margaret Scott. Pagel, Scott B.
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